Aetiology:
PBC is an autoimmune disease process due to its signature serology, the antibody, and specific bile duct pathway. The etiology is both genetic and environmental: disease is thought to be environmentally triggered but in people who already have the genetic composition for the disease.
Epidemiology:
In the past few decades, there has been a progressive change in our appreciation of the epidemiology of PBC, specifically with respect to the disease's prevalence and incidence. Originally, PBC was reported to be a very rare disease; this was likely related to problems with the methodologies that were employed to measure this.
More recently, with better methodological approaches and larger patient cases and studies, a clearer picture of the epidemiology of PBC has emerged.
In the UK alone, there is a 12.9/ 100,000 possibility of having the disease but 90% of the cases are in females.
Most commonly found in people of northern European descent and less common amongst those of African origin.
Diagnosis is usually between the ages of 45 years old and 55 years old.
The prevalence has been rising since 1980. This may be due to an increase in awareness of the disease.
More recently, with better methodological approaches and larger patient cases and studies, a clearer picture of the epidemiology of PBC has emerged.
In the UK alone, there is a 12.9/ 100,000 possibility of having the disease but 90% of the cases are in females.
Most commonly found in people of northern European descent and less common amongst those of African origin.
Diagnosis is usually between the ages of 45 years old and 55 years old.
The prevalence has been rising since 1980. This may be due to an increase in awareness of the disease.
Development:
T lymphocytes (T cells) will start to accumulate in the liver; T cells are white blood cells that help with immune response. Normally T cells help to fight harmful invaders such as bacteria but instead they start to harm the lining of the bile duct and the rest of the liver. This damage will later turn into scar tissue which prevents the liver from functioning properly.
Healthy Digestive System:
The mouth is the beginning of the digestive tract; and, in fact, digestion starts here when taking the first bite of food. Chewing breaks the food into pieces that are more easily digested, while saliva mixes with food to begin the process of breaking it down.
The esophagus receives food from your mouth when you swallow. By means of a series of muscular contractions called peristalsis, the esophagus delivers food to your stomach.
The stomach is a hollow organ, that holds food while it is being mixed with enzymes. When the contents of the stomach are sufficiently processed, they are released into the small intestine.
Made up of three segments — the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum — the small intestine is a 22-foot long muscular tube that breaks down food using enzymes released by the pancreas and bile from the liver. Once the nutrients have been absorbed and the leftover-food residue liquid has passed through the small intestine, it then moves on to the large intestine, or colon.
The pancreas secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum, the first segment of the small intestine. These enzymes break down protein, fats, and carbohydrates. The pancreas also makes insulin, secreting it directly into the bloodstream.
The liver has multiple functions, but its main function within the digestive system is to process the nutrients absorbed from the small intestine. Bile from the liver secreted into the small intestine also plays an important role in digesting fat.
The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile, and then releases it into the duodenum to help absorb and digest fats.
The colon is a 6-foot long muscular tube that connects the small intestine to the rectum. The large intestine is made up of the cecum, the ascending (right) colon, the transverse (across) colon, the descending (left) colon, and the sigmoid colon, which connects to the rectum. The large intestine is a highly specialized organ that is responsible for processing waste so that emptying the bowels is easy and convenient.
Stool, or waste left over from the digestive process, is passed through the colon by means of peristalsis, first in a liquid state and ultimately in a solid form.
The rectum (Latin for "straight") is an 8-inch chamber that connects the colon to the anus. It is the rectum's job to receive stool from the colon, to let the person know that there is stool to be evacuated, and to hold the stool until evacuation happens.
The anus is the last part of the digestive tract. It is a 2-inch long canal consisting of the pelvic floor muscles and the two anal sphincters (internal and external). The lining of the upper anus is specialized to detect rectal contents. It lets you know whether the contents are liquid, gas, or solid.
The esophagus receives food from your mouth when you swallow. By means of a series of muscular contractions called peristalsis, the esophagus delivers food to your stomach.
The stomach is a hollow organ, that holds food while it is being mixed with enzymes. When the contents of the stomach are sufficiently processed, they are released into the small intestine.
Made up of three segments — the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum — the small intestine is a 22-foot long muscular tube that breaks down food using enzymes released by the pancreas and bile from the liver. Once the nutrients have been absorbed and the leftover-food residue liquid has passed through the small intestine, it then moves on to the large intestine, or colon.
The pancreas secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum, the first segment of the small intestine. These enzymes break down protein, fats, and carbohydrates. The pancreas also makes insulin, secreting it directly into the bloodstream.
The liver has multiple functions, but its main function within the digestive system is to process the nutrients absorbed from the small intestine. Bile from the liver secreted into the small intestine also plays an important role in digesting fat.
The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile, and then releases it into the duodenum to help absorb and digest fats.
The colon is a 6-foot long muscular tube that connects the small intestine to the rectum. The large intestine is made up of the cecum, the ascending (right) colon, the transverse (across) colon, the descending (left) colon, and the sigmoid colon, which connects to the rectum. The large intestine is a highly specialized organ that is responsible for processing waste so that emptying the bowels is easy and convenient.
Stool, or waste left over from the digestive process, is passed through the colon by means of peristalsis, first in a liquid state and ultimately in a solid form.
The rectum (Latin for "straight") is an 8-inch chamber that connects the colon to the anus. It is the rectum's job to receive stool from the colon, to let the person know that there is stool to be evacuated, and to hold the stool until evacuation happens.
The anus is the last part of the digestive tract. It is a 2-inch long canal consisting of the pelvic floor muscles and the two anal sphincters (internal and external). The lining of the upper anus is specialized to detect rectal contents. It lets you know whether the contents are liquid, gas, or solid.
In this video, the person gives a definition of the disease and how it is an autoimmune disease that infects the liver. Describes that the bile ducts are begin destroyed. This disorder is involved more in women than men. Talks about etiology.
|
|
Also known as PBC disease. Its a disease that slowly destroys your bile duct and liver. Bile helps rid the body of old blood cells and helps with digestion. Bile is produced in the liver. When the bile ducts are damaged, then harmful fluid can build up in the liver and cause problems. It can lead to irreversible scarring of the liver tissue. It is considered an autoimmune disease. Researchers believe that the disease is triggered by a combination of genetic and environmental factors.
|
Quality of life would not be unbearable but needed to be treated fairly immediately. The symptoms can progress rapidly but may not show up for a while so you may not even know that you have the disease until you have the worst of the worst problems.
Liver and Bile ducts: |
PBC Case Study #1:
Your browser does not support viewing this document. Click here to download the document.
|
Bile Ducts in the Liver: |
Symptoms: early onset- fatigue
- itchy skin - dry eyes and mouth Primary Biliary Cirrhosis Case Study #2 :
Your browser does not support viewing this document. Click here to download the document.
|
Symptoms: later onset- pain in upper right portion of the abdomen
- bone, muscle, joint pain - yellowing of eyes and skin (jaundice) - darkening of skin that isn't related to sun exposure - swollen feet and ankles - buildup of fluid in the abdomen - weak and brittle bones - fatty deposits in the skin around the eyes - diarrhea that can be greasy - elevated cholesterol Anatomy diagram: |
Treatments:Treatment is difficult due to the fact that the immune system is involved. Treatment usually includes just reducing the amount or severity of the symptoms. The medicine Ursodiol is commonly used after diagnosis. This medicine helps move bile out of the liver and into the small intestine. Can improve function in the digestive system pretty quickly.
Anatomy Diagram:Anatomy Diagram: |
Biliary Cirrhosis Disease: Disease #2
I2
http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/primary-biliary-cirrhosis/basics/definition/con-20029377
http://www.hindawi.com/journals/cripe/2012/937150/
http://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/tc/primary-biliary-cirrhosis-pbc-topic-overview
http://patient.info/doctor/primary-biliary-cirrhosis-pro http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cld.305/full
http://www.emedicinehealth.com/primary_biliary_cirrhosis/page13_em.htm
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cld.305/full
V2
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CmOCiV-mjFM
P3-P4
http://m.patient.media/images/2111.gif
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/236x/28/ef/10/28ef10ff3aab0710916a6e431c889e23.jpg
I2
http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/primary-biliary-cirrhosis/basics/definition/con-20029377
http://www.hindawi.com/journals/cripe/2012/937150/
http://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/tc/primary-biliary-cirrhosis-pbc-topic-overview
http://patient.info/doctor/primary-biliary-cirrhosis-pro http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cld.305/full
http://www.emedicinehealth.com/primary_biliary_cirrhosis/page13_em.htm
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cld.305/full
V2
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CmOCiV-mjFM
P3-P4
http://m.patient.media/images/2111.gif
https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/236x/28/ef/10/28ef10ff3aab0710916a6e431c889e23.jpg